Current Issue [Vol. 12, No. 02] [February 2026]

In recent years, oxide nanoparticles have attracted great interest because of their multidimensional applications, especially in the development of optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors which demand high standards such as low noise, fast response times and high sensitivity at operational wavelengths [1]. The applications of these materials are widely spread in varied disciplines such as heterogeneous catalysis, biotechnology, medicine, photonics, solar energy conversion, and microelectronics [2].Metal oxides nanoparticles (ZnO, SnO2, Fe2O3) are especially useful to such applications, because they have a high surface to volume ratio, can be tuned to optical properties, and are exceptionally chemically stable [3], [4], [5].One such material, which has come up as a promising photodetector technology, is Zinc oxide nanoparticles due to their broad direct bandgap and high electron mobility [6], [7]. ZnO has high excitation binding energy which in combination with its high thermal stability has made it suitable in applications of UV light sensors and detectors [8]. The traditional physical and chemical synthesisroutes to these nanoparticles tend to be labor-intensive, consume a lot of energy, and use toxic reagents, and hence there is need to look at other sustainable alternatives that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly[9], [10]. Green synthesis methods are also sustainable development targets as they work with biocompatible materials, reducing toxicity, thus being a less risky alternative to conventional reducing agents, such as sodium citrate and sodium borohydride, that have dangerous physical characteristics [11], [12]. These environmental-friendly procedures make use of natural resources, such as extracts of plants and microorganisms to act as reducing and stabilizing agents throughout the synthesis process which has considerable benefits, which are low cost, nontoxicity, scalability, and the ability to give nanostructures the desired size, shape and morphology [11], [13]. In particular, the plant-mediated synthesis that leveraging bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, is a potential reducing and capping agent to counteract the nucleation and growth dynamics without hazardous chemicals [11], [14], [15]. It is a bio-mediated technique that is able to remove the environmental risks of the traditional chemical techniques as well as precisely control the texture and morphology of the particles at ambient temperatures [16], [17]. Moreover, aqueous solvents and ethanol solvents used in these green protocols can lead to the generation of nanoparticles having a high degree of biocompatibility and lower toxicity profiles that are important in the fabrication of photodetectors where the level of impurity can have a profound effect on the performance and reliability of the device [18], [19]. Thus, the optimization of the solvent composition and the energy input is an important field of research to adjust the optoelectronic characteristics of oxide nanoparticles to achieve excellent photodetection parameters. The elimination of undesirable environmental impacts generally linked with high-energy chemical processes is a core benefit of these low-energy green synthesis methods where in most cases use mild reaction conditions for facilitating the nanostructures‘ formation through natural biochemical pathways [15], [19].
Keywords: Transformer Models, Self-Attention Optimization, Text Classification, Cross-Entropy Loss, NLP

This paper presents a full design for a Wi-Fi-based autonomous home security system specifically for flat use. To interface PIR motion sensors and camera modules, the architecture combines auxiliary microcontrollers (Arduino and ESP32) around a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B central hub. The system communicates alerts and live feeds over Wi-Fi to the user's mobile device from real-time motion detection (using PIR sensors) and video capture (using Pi Camera or ESP32-CAM). Custom smartphone apps enable remote access and control; they also allow live monitoring, arming and disarming, and instantaneous security event notifications. Using consistent visual hierarchy and clear alerts, the User Interface (UI) of the app is made for simplicity of use and response. Using secure protocols, internally Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT: for lightweight, low-latency pub/sub messaging) and RESTful APIs (for command/control) to handle communication. For every component, this research provides thorough technical specifications, performance evaluation analysis together with a comparative analysis of current DIY and commercial systems (such as Ring, Nest) emphasizing functionality, cost, simplicity of use, and extensibility.
Keywords: Smart home security, Raspberry Pi, Arduino, ESP32, PIR sensor, MQTT, mobile app

Pinch-based plasma confinement remains a foundational approach in nuclear fusion research; however, persistent plasma instabilities continue to prevent sustained confinement and positive energy balance. This paper presents an expanded scientific framework supporting a parallel plasma stabilizer architecture disclosed in a provisional patent application [1]. Building upon prior experimental and theoretical work on quantum electron dynamics, harmonic excitation, and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) in pinch experiments, we demonstrate that harmonic components of pulsed excitation currents can induce spatial electron overconcentration at the plasma core, leading to localized electric‑field amplification, shear-driven instabilities, and disruptive plasma behavior. A parallel harmonic‑diverting electrical structure suppresses these effects by selectively shunting destabilizing harmonics away from the plasma column. The proposed mechanism provides a physically grounded explanation for long‑observed discrepancies between classical Bennett pinch theory and experimental results, while offering a practical stabilization pathway applicable to both linear and curvilinear fusion devices such as tokamaks.

This study explores how forest thinning influences both the radial growth of trees as well as physical and mechanical characteristics of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) across different ecological sites in Albania. The research was carried out in three representative regionsby comparing forest stands that had not been managed with thinning to those where thinning practices were applied. A total of 18 experimental plots were examined, focusing on annual growth, wood density, and key mechanical properties such as static bending strength (MOR) and compression strength parallel to the grain, following ISO standards.The results demonstrate that thinning exerts a pronounced positive effect on annual growth, yielding nearly a twofold increase in mean annual ring width relative to unthinned stands. At the same time, wood from unthinned plots tended to exhibit higher density, whereas thinned stands showed a moderate reduction in density.Statistical analyses highlighted that site conditions play a major role in shaping wood density and mechanical performance, underlining the importance of local environmental and silvicultural interventions. Mechanical properties, including bending and compression strength, were generally slightly higher in unthinned plots, although differences within the same site were often small and not statistically significant.
Overall, the results suggest that when thinning is applied in a controlled manner, it can boost volume production and improve stem growth without noticeably reducing the mechanical quality of beech wood. These insights emphasize the importance of adapting forest management strategies to local conditions in order to achieve a balanced, sustainable use of European beech forests that meets both productivity and quality goals.
Keywords: beech wood, thinning, density, mechanical strength.