Vol. 1, No. 3 [August 2015]:

This study deals with the stabilization of sandy soils through the application of fly ash. Soil stabilization simply means the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical and engineering properties. The main aim of this study is to determine the percentage of fly ash that would be added to a sandy soil to obtain the optimum stability of the soil. In order to achieve these, the following tests were carried out: Sieve analysis, Compaction test, unconfined compressive strength test. Sieve analysis is carried out purposely to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a sandy soil. On the other hand, Compaction test was carried out in order to determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the sandy soil and lastly, unconfined compressive strength test was carried out to determine the compressive strength of the sandy soil sample with the addition of fly ash in percentages as a stabilizing agent. After carrying out the above tests, observations were noted and considered and it was discovered that 40% fly ash has the highest impact in the increment of the compressive strength of the sandy soil and will be most suitable for the stabilization of sandy soil. So therefore, we recommend the addition of 40% fly ash to the sandy soil to be used on site for maximum stability.

In this paper, we have carried out computer simulation of Cu2+:Cd2(NH4)2(SO4)3 in the low magnetic field corresponding to x-direction and M=-3/2 at different temperatures. The normalized intensity decreases with temperature showing a phase transition temperature of about 195 K. the least squares method yields the intensity-temperature relation 𝐼𝑁=−0.0466𝑇+10.482 with correlation coefficient of R2=0.9789. The activation energy varies temperature in a similar pattern as intensity but has lower values than those obtained from intensity and linewidths studies in all directions. The resonance field and linewidths depend on temperature in the form of sum of polynomials and exponential terms confirming earlier findings (Yerimaand De, 2014; De, 1986).
Keywords: Computer simulation, temperature, intensity, activation energy

Industries in Nigeria are heavy sources of Environmental pollution. However, before now there was no realistic valuation model for valuation of the environmental damage caused by these industries. Advocates of environmental protection in Nigeria then tasked the Estate Surveyors and Valuers to develop valuation models that would consider the extent of damages caused by industries to the environment while interpreting the value of such industries and other facilities generating waste in Nigeria. The E-factor model was then developed. This paper tries to value NIGERGAS Company Enugu, using the E-factor model. The company was valued using the Conventional Cost Approach to Valuation and thereafter the E-factor model. The results indicated a loss of value of about N16,266,020 representing 14.54%. This loss of value is attributable to the inability of NIGERGAS Company to meet up with world best practices in terms of environmental protection standards. The paper then recommends that the E-factor model be accepted by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) as a veritable valuation tool for valuation of industries and other facilities generating wastes in Nigeria.
Keywords: Environmental Factor, Industries, Model, NIGERGAS Company, Pollution, Valuation, Waste.

BF Slag is a major unwanted material during production of iron in the blast furance process. It comprises of oxides of iron, Al2O3 and silica along with some other minor constituents. Based on economics as well as environmental related issues, lot of efforts has been directed worldwide towards BF slag management issues i.e. of utilization, storage and disposal. In this paper an attempt has been made to reinforce the BF slag in aluminium silicon alloy A356, to prepare light weight composites. The hardness and compressive strength of the composites were determined as a function of the BF slag content. The best results were achieved with the aluminum composites with 5 wt. % slag.
Keywords: Blast furnace slag (BF slag), aluminium silicon alloy

Fits plays important role in structural integrity, load carrying capacity and vibrations. Proper fit increases the life of the joint. In the present work, an analysis has been carried out to find effect of fit on radial stress and contact pressure for Aluminum and composite materials. A three dimensional modeling approach is consider studying contact nature, loading carrying capacity and induced stresses. Also stress distribution is calculated for different layer orientation of composite materials. Finally modal analysis is carried out to find the dynamic stability of the structure. A system with higher natural frequency is considered as more stable compared to lower frequency system. The analysis results shows higher natural for interference fits compared to the clearance and push fits. Similarly composite structure modal analysis results indicate, dynamic stability is a function of layer orientation. This conclusion is very important in usage of composites for dynamic structure. A through analysis is required for improving the dynamic stability of the composites.
Key Words: Structural integrity, Dynamic stability, fatigue damage. Modal analysis, induced stress

A discone antenna is a version of a biconical antenna in which one of the cones is replaced by a disc. It is usually mounted vertically, with the disc at the top and the cone beneath. A discone antenna is a version of a biconical antenna in which one of the cones is replaced by a disc. It is usually mounted vertically, with the disc at the top and the cone beneath. Omnidirectional, vertically polarized and exhibiting unity gain, it is exceptionally wideband, offering a frequency range ratio of up to 10:1.The radiation pattern in the vertical plane is quite narrow, making its sensitivity highest in the plane parallel to the Earth. The discone's wideband coverage makes it attractive in commercial, military, amateur radio and radio scanner applications. The radiation fields of the discone antenna with an oblique cone can be derived from the fields of an equivalent Huygens source on the aperture. For a symmetrical discone antenna, the numerical and experimental radiation patterns are presented. For an asymmetrical discone antenna with an oblique cone, the radiation patterns are also presented. The curves of the front-to-back ratio on the patterns of the horizontal plane are shown for various oblique cone shapes.
Keywords: Discone Antenna, Omnidirectional, Sensitivity.

Formalization is the document form of formalism, where the practical compositional elements are represented by the symbols and variables. The Software Requirement Specification is documented in such a way that it breaks the deliverables into smaller components. Design patterns are among the most powerful methods for building large software systems. Patterns provide well-known solutions to recurring problems that developers face. Predicate logic is used for describing the formal specification of the design patterns. In this paper we urge to explain that formal specification of design patterns is very essential before they are implemented in any platform, further the formal specification of the design pattern is derived into a formula with respect to the application of the domain. In this paper we state some of the illustration to understand the concept of the formal specification and formula and we call this Modest Formalization of Software Design Patterns.
KEYWORDS – modesty, formalization, design patterns, software architecture, calculus.

In this theorem we will give a relation between perimeter and area of polygon in terms of perimeter and area of circle formed incentered in polygon and also give a formulae for area of regular polygon.
Keywords: A_c = area of circle
A_pol. = area of polygon
P_c = perimeter of circle
P_pol. = perimeter of polygon

This method uses these exceptions to lead the analyst to interesting regions of the five squaredduring navigation. We present the statistical foundation underlying our approach. We then discuss the computational issue of finding exceptions in data and making the process efficient on large multidimensional data bases. We present performance results and experience with real-life datasets to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed paradigm.

This paper presents a compact model of lateral double diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistor having small size and got good result with different characteristics. This model is designed with ATLAS SILVACO and get better simulations of breakdown voltage, on resistance etc. comparing with reference LDMOS. We have designed this device with channel 0.3 μm length and gate 0.75 μm length.
KEYWORDS - ATLAS, Breakdown Voltage, Capacitance, LDMOS, On Resistance.

A Seismic design is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response parameters. Seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an interactive process that begins with the selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required, until the desired performance level is achieved. In this present study one R.C. buildings, of G + 2 storey institutional building (designed according to IS 456:2000) are analysed. Analysis and redesigning by changing the main reinforcement of various frame elements and again analyzing. The structural analysis has been carried out using STAAD.Pro V8i, a product of Structural Analysis and Design Program. A total of 1 cases for a particular G + 2 storey institutional building located in Zone-II have been analyzed. The results of analysis are compared in terms of reinforcement in the column and beam. The best possible combination of reinforcement that is economical, effective and whose damage is limited to Grade 2 (slight structural damage, moderate non structural damage) in order to enable Immediate Occupancy is determined and is termed as Seismic Design.

The Central African Republic (CAR), a country with rich in timber and diamond deposits and a tumultuous political history. Central African Republic once had the third largest area of rainforest cover in Africa. Today, while tropical forest covers 36 percent of the country, most of this has been degraded by logging. Very little of Central African Republic forest cover can be considered primary forest. Diamond mining and forestry form the bulk of the economy of the Central African Republic. Burdened with poor infrastructure and high transportation costs, a largely unskilled work force, and poor economic policies, the Central African Republic is not a particularly attractive source for timber among African producers. Nevertheless, most of the country's forests have been logged for valuable tree species including sapelli, ayous and sipo. Most wood from the Central African Republic is exported to Europe. Deforestation and poor agricultural practices are resulting in desertification in the northern parts of the country.
Diamonds as Timber are supposed to be symbols of love, commitment, and joyful new beginnings. But for many people in diamond-rich countries, these sparkling stones are more a curse than a blessing. Too often, the world's diamond mines produce not only diamonds – but also civil wars, violence, worker exploitation, environmental degradation, and unspeakable human suffering. When discussing the link between conflict and insecurity on the one hand and natural resources on the other, terms like ‗conflict diamonds' or ‗blood diamonds' easily come to mind. Particularly, the alliance between the CAR regime and Congolese rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba at the turn of the century. Bemba's troops thwarted a coup attempt against Patassé in 2001 and he allegedly had links with two Central African diamond buying offices. Bemba financed his war in the DRC by controlling the sale of one to three million dollars worth of diamonds a month. Diamonds that were mined in the Congolese territory held by Bemba were allegedly often sold or laundered through the CAR. This linked; experienced in the conflict in the CAR is the goal for our study.
KEYWORDS: Forestry, Artisanal Diamond, Conflict, CAR.

This paper describes the formation of the Zigui region; the geological processes play an important activity in the area. The stratigraphic developed well in the area and the characteristic components passed the jointing positions are not different from each other in certain geological ages, suggesting that the characteristic components in the areas are probably primary at the same time during geological processes. The composition of rocks varies according to its minerals, which are the building blocks of rocks. The types of minerals that make a rock depend largely on the source of the rock - igneous rocks have more magma-related minerals like olivine and biotite; sedimentary rocks have more sediment-related minerals like quartz; metamorphic rocks have all these minerals, but they may look different due to re-crystallization. Considering the location, landscape, and present system of slopes, could have been covered by deposition of sediment from running water, wind, or lakes? The sediment transported in from some other area, but simply covered in their weathered debris. Weathering is a rapid process capable of producing a regolith in only a few hundred years in a temperate climate. The products of weathering are spheroidal boulders, decomposed rock fragments, and soil.
KEYWORDS: Zigui, Weathering, outcrops

This research will concern itself primarily with the ergonomics of motor vehicle specifically in race car especially for cockpit UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. Motor racing is very popular sport around the world. There are several types of motorsport that has long existed, including the Formula 1 which is the sport's most prestigious motor racing category. UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car is an adaptation of the concept of single-seat racing cars similarly as Formula 1. The cockpit is one of the most important things in racing, including the race car in the UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. In the cockpit, there are several components required by the driver such as steering, gear lever, accelerator pedal and brake pedal, and seat. These are basic components that should be in a cockpit. UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car has been completely built. However, this race car needs to go through some test and should be completely finalized before the competition. One of the major problems is about the driver cockpit. In order to obtain the best cockpit design, RULA analysis has been used to utilize the suitable cockpit design for UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. The resulting of cockpit design is solved by using CATIA V5R16. From the analysis, it was found that design E is the best cockpit design in term of RULA analysis final score achieved when compared to the other designs.
KEYWORDS - Ergonomics, Ergonomic Software, Cockpit, Anthropometry